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RETROSPECTION 



OTHER WORKS 

WEST AMERICAN SERIES OF HISTORIES 

LITERARY INDUSTRIES 

THE BOOK OF THE FAIR 

THE BOOK OF WEALTH 

THE NEW PACIFIC 

POPULAR HISTORY OF MEXICO 

RETROSPECTION 



An v^hth riyajrtrr tn 



BY 

HUBERT HOWE BANCROFT 



NEW YORK 

HE BANCROFT COMPANY. PUBLISHERS 

1915 



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Mxi ^1xb^tt ^amt Sanrrnft 



MODERN FALLACIES 



PEOLOGUE; SATAN, SOLUS 



44O1 O! Is it so, my children"? — and he smiled, plying his 

^N tail with complacency. "Is it thus I find you amusing 
yourselves as Moses found his people on coming down 
from the Mount? — only I see nothing in your gambolings quite 
so rational as making for yourselves a golden calf to worship. 
A somewhat freer indulgence in blood-lust and malevolence than 
the occasion calls for, is it not? Christian Europe, in the most 
humane age of the world dehumanized, imbruted, all ablaze 
in a frenzy of wrath, your songs of happiness turned to hymns 
of hate, and this, four thousand years from Abraham, two thou- 
sand years from Christ. An advance in moral uprightness and 
refinement, truly! — though seemingly a profitless industry breed- 
ing men for manure. I am surprised, — and pleased, though I 
take shame in that I have no entertainment to offer you sur- 
passing this. 

"Or is it only an infernal festival I see, a celebration per- 
chance of your vaunted civilization, your worshipful Christianity? 
Kindly interpret to me these terms, for in their signification I 
can discern nothing more than a thin veneer of culture and 
courtesy over raw human nature as exemplified in your illus- 
trious predecessor Cain; the one, the evolution of the ages, the 
unfolding of intellect along lines always significant of its origin; 
the other a blind following of ancient fantasies the effluvia of 
ignorance and superstition. 

"For you say, 'Ever the best remains,' 'The purest only to be 
permanent.' Wherefore after these many several centuries of 
effort and endurance we have before us in this highly intellectual 
and refined performance a specimen of your best and purest. 

" 'Love is the fulfilling of the law,' saith the scriptures. 
Behold how these Christians love one another! 



RETROSPECTION 



"Again, 'By their fruits ye shall know them.' This, then, 
that I see, is the fruitage of Christ's ministrations among you; 
this the application of his divine teachings to your daily lives. 
I seem to remember in times past something of discordant 
doings among the elect resulting in many battles and butcheries. 
Christians killing Christians for opinion's sake. Christians killing 
pagans for Christ's sake, proselyting and purifying with fire 
and sword, not to mention inquisitions, autos-da-fe, torture cham- 
bers, Bartholomew massacres, and a thousand other crimes com- 
mitted in the name of the meek and lowly Jesus. 

"But all such ways of winning heaven pale before this mag- 
nificent ditch-work; before these braying mortars that so bravely 
level forts and tear to shreds beautiful cities, mingling with the 
broken work of art the mangled remains of the unoffending 
inhabitants; before your vikings of the air dropping destruction 
on the mothers and babes of peaceful homes; before your battle- 
ships coasting stealthily for some unprotected health or pleasure 
place; before your terrible under-water engines hurling to hades 
a thousand souls at a single blast. 

"Great days these of electrical industries, of iron and oil 
creations, of ever yet more powerful explosives, of ever yet 
more efficient death-dealing machinery; and now that all these 
good things might not run to waste the demons of Christian 
civilization are let loose and all Europe goes off in an ecstasy 
of mutual slaughter. 

"Founded on superstition and militancy, which find expres- 
sion not in the teachings of the sacred books but in the base 
passions of rulers, religion becomes a factor in the origin and 
continuance of the war. Statesmen, diplomats, learned profes- 
sors who chop logic to make the worse appear the better part; 
preachers who blaspheme from the pulpit, and prayer-mongers 
who call on God to help his only true and chosen people in their 
ferocious doings, the quality of their petitions explained and 
emphasized by these orgies of human butchery, by this outbreak 
of piety in vindictive passion, — a new demonstration in love and 
charity perchance, the love of bloodshed and the charity that 
turns from widow's wails and orphan's cries. Me, I would not 
to people my kingdom resort to such sophistries. I hold to 
scorn these profane babblings that find expression in cruelty, 
treachery, revenge, loss of integrity, loss of honor, in robbery, 
rape and rank injustice, the fruits by which we are to know the 
bright road of progress and kaiser kultur. 



MODERN FALLACIES 



"Ah! it is progress indeed, such progress that another 
thousand years of it will make of this earth a hell so hot that 
my abode beside it will be as the hall of Valhalla or the garden 
of the Hesperides. Wherefore I Beelzebub, king of kings, salute 
thee, William, king of Germany! 

"Admit then, beloved, that the devil is not so black as he 
is painted, that he alone in a world of mummery, lying, self- 
deception, and hypocrisy dare speak the truth. Go to, then, I, 
Lucifer, star of the morning, will prate and pray with you in all 
honesty and sincerity. Listen. Let us pray. Let us all pray, 
of whatsoever name or nation, help us Oh Lord! to kill; help us 
to kill. Listen not to our adversaries. Curse them, good Lord, 
curse them; confound their politics, frustrate their knavish 
tricks. Art not thou Oh God! a God of war, and is not thy 
church a church militant? Then help us Oh God! only us thy 
servants, to kill, help us to kill. Give us peace in thine own time, 
good Lord, peace with mastery, only with mastery, remember, 
good Lord. Help us to kill, Oh Lord! to kill. 

"How perfectly ethical and logical is prayer! 

" 'The churches are impotent,' your wiseacres say. Cer- 
tainly, any one can see that. 'Christianity is impotent.' How do 
you know; has it ever been tried? 'Prayer is impotent.' Then 
why insult high heaven with the trash you offer it, knowing 
nothing, believing nothing, expecting nothing. And as for the 
prayers of belligerents, it makes us smile down our way, so 
tangled they become ere reaching the throne of grace. 

" 'It repenteth me that I made man,' saith the Lord. Where- 
fore ye who preach and pray for lucre, not for souls, who teach 
God his duty, telling him so much he never knew before, were 
it not well to mention his mistake about the Ark, in saving 
any one when drowning the world in water; a mistake which 
may now be rectified in drowning the world in blood, and this 
time make a clean sweep of it, for is not the kaiser the son of 
Noah? Then, further, were it not well to devise some other 
means for the betterment of mankind than drowning the people 
he has made, whether in water or blood? Were it not as well 
to abolish the Hague, burn your peace-temples, leave inane 
prayers and prating to women and fanatics, and get at something 
sensible? 

" 'God save the king!' I hear you cry; or if of Britain you 
say God save our excuse for a king. Why is this, why do you 
want God to save your king? Is it because he assumes supe- 



RETROSPECTION 

riority, claims divine rulership inherited from some medieval 
pirate or cutttiroat baron? Is it because he imposes upon you 
unjust burdens, makes traffic of womanhood, harnesses you to 
crime, forcing you to commit any iniquity his passions may 
dictate? 

"Go to, poor mites of humanity, crawling about on this little 
lump of earth, your necks under the iron heel of despot rulers. 
Of what use to you are kings, pygmies under high heaven 
strutting their brief lives away, presently to rot like the rest, 
yet whom you follow like sheep to the shambles. Of what 
benefit to the world are the royal drones, the vagrant nobility, 
the large idle class that scorn work but scorn not to live on the 
work of others, and which you are forced to support, besides the 
burdens of war, religion, and crime? I fain would wish you a 
better fate. Do you not know that all cultures and cults grow 
rank with age and die; do you not see that your progress is 
downward as well as upward, your wars a crime, your religion a 
hollow mockery which is always harking back to the paganism 
of ancient Egypt and Rome, while the star of destiny is ever 
more radiant in the west, new light even now breaking forth 
over the vast amphitheatre of the Pacific with every sign of 
promise for the great and final development. 

"Enough. If you are content to remain thus, even as I see 
you now, compelled by your gracious sovereign to crawl in 
ditches on your bellies and shoot men down as he shall direct, 
men you do not know and with whom you have no variance, so 
do. If not, come with me to a higher, happier hell where wicked- 
ness may be enjoyed with some degree of common sense and 
decency." 

With the first flush of amazement, the first wave of 
horror that swept over America on the breaking out of hos- 
tilities in Europe came sincere sorrow and sympathy for 
those about to suffer, for those about to die. The pity of it ! 
Physical endurance beyond compare, and mental distress; 
then the loss to humanity, the blow to faith and progress, 
the blow to society, to intellectual advancement and esthetic 
culture, reform rolled back, Christianity made contempt- 
ible, the return to brute force and beastliness, all showing 
how thin the coating of civilization and religion that covers 



MODERN FALLACIES 

our earthly natures. Soon, however, and subconsciously 
swept in upon us a sense of satisfaction with our better lot, 
and finally speculation as to how we might profit by the 
situation. 

The popular idea seemed to be that prosperity, as the 
gentle rain from heaven, was to fall on all alike, without 
effort on the part of any ; but when the hard times following 
the new tariff'continued, and to the income tax was added 
another by courtesy called a war tax, but in reality a tax 
made necessary by our invasion of Mexico and other inju- 
dicious acts, it appeared that the alleged prosperity was not 
to be immediate and universal. 

Conditions were imposed. The south could not sell its 
cotton, so that there was no prosperity there. Exporters 
of raw material in the north were likewise in a quandary. 
New York was deep in financial problems, and closed the 
Stock Exchange to avoid panic. Chicago and the middle 
west were the best off of any, having food products and 
manufactured articles to sell. San Francisco and the 
Pacific coast soon shipped away the limited supply of fruit 
and grain, leaving ample time for the mind to dwell on the 
benefits of the Panama canal and the glories of the two 
expositions. So passed away the first months of the Euro- 
pean war with little appearance of great immediate profit 
to America. 

Entering the second half year of the war, times grew 
worse rather than better. The industrial world was par- 
alyzed. Men of affairs in an atmosphere of financial unrest, 
everywhere frenzied fighting, wars of uncertain duration, 
were afraid to move lest they should make a mistake. Ocean 
transportation was perilous, and dealings with the warring 
nations difficult. The earthquake in Italy added to the 
horrors of famine in Poland and Belgium, and among the 
early movements of ocean-going craft, following the lirst 
ravages of the war, were relief shipments to those coun- 

5 



RETROSPECTION 

tries. Adding to the general embarrassment were the 
blockades declared by the belligerents one against the other, 
the M^ar zone thrown around the British isles supported by 
German mines while England placed chief dependence on 
her fleet. 

But whether or not fighting continued, the world must 
be fed and clothed, and for supplies all eyes were turned 
toward America ; so that later woolen clothing, cotton knit 
goods, leather and rubber boots and shoes, harness and 
saddles, motor cars, and metal-working machinery began 
to move across the water at the rate of five or six millions 
of dollars a day taking the place of raw material exports, 
which for the United States was the beginning of a new 
prosperity, exports exceeding imports for a time at the 
rate of a billion dollars a year. Soon we were making cloth 
such as England formerly made ; we took from Bavaria to 
some extent the toy and machine industries, from France 
wines and women's wear, and so on. Alien immigration, 
however, of which a large increase was expected, fell off 
from the average of previous years seventy-fiive per cent. 

Great Britain made an effort to capture some of the 
German trade, publishing a monthly magazine entitled 
Made in England, but little came of it. There was little 
production in France other than agricultural. The famine 
scare increased sweeping over the world. Appeals for 
bread came in from every quarter, from Belgium, Poland, 
Servia, Palestine, Montenegro, Mexico, Samoa, and else- 
where, while England and Germany were trying to starve 
each other out. Even the United States talked of placing 
an embargo on wheat. Yet at that moment it was only 
America between Belgium and starvation. 

As time passed by it became more and more apparent 
that the effect of the war on the United States as a whole 
would not prove beneficial for some time to come, if at all. 



MODERN FALLACIES 

We saw also that it was not a war of peoples but of rulers, 
who filled with malignity stood aside in places of safety 
while prodding on their soldiers in the trenches, with little 
hate in their hearts, to kill, they knew not why; and that 
at the bottom of it was militarism, which means applied 
machinery for the slaughter of men, just as Chicago has 
applied machinery for the slaughter of cattle. We saw 
that it was not a European war alone, but a world war, one 
in which sooner or later Asia and America would have 
their part to play. It was not a passing freak of the 
Almighty at the hand of his chosen rulers, but a regular 
old-fashioned raid for blood and plunder, for loot and 
land, attended by the usual medieval outrages ; this for 
Germany, while for England and France it signified in 
case of defeat denationalization. All the same they were 
rather slow in coming to the assistance of Belgium who 
interposed her body to check the avalanche. England is 
not quick to do for herself what another will do for her. 
She does not deal in sentiment ; she does not scorn to reap 
where others have sown ; yet being in for this war, which 
to her is life or death, she will fight it out thoroughly and 
to a finish. 

Fortunately neither prayers for peace nor friendly in- 
terposition succeeded in terminating the war in Europe. 
Did ever anyone expect it ? The worst that could befall 
would be to establish peace before certain issues were 
determined, without which settlement all the blood and 
treasure thus far spent were worse than thrown away. It 
is only ignorance of conditions and shallow self-flattery that 
cause the occasional outburst of simple souls in wide-spread 
prayer and inane peace proposals. 

The contending forces had as yet reached no stopping 
place. For though ages may intervene, the full fruitage of 
this conflict will not appear until kings, royalties, and titled 
nobility with hereditary rulership are abolished, Prussian 

7 



RETROSPECTION 

militarism exterminated, and infamous episodes like the 
present war made impossible. 

Prussian militarism; what is it? Rightly it has been 
called a system without a soul; a state that is a distinct 
entity, without moral sense or obligation; a nation that is 
an army and an army that is a nation ; a force for aggres- 
sion, not for defense ; a huge machine for crushing peoples, 
into whose wheels men for cogs are fitted, the emperor of 
Germany at the engine and diplomats and professors at the 
furnace. 

During the brief period since this war began our eyes 
have been opened to evils threatening interests vital to the 
human race. We see the rulers of great nations, among 
the foremost in intellect and culture, giving themselves up 
more than ever before to the science and art of human 
slaughter, cavalierly relegating in time of war, honor, hon- 
esty, integrity, and humanity to the plea of necessity. To 
this end the whole country is laid under contribution. To 
this end the boy is trained and the man must respond. To 
this end the rulers, divine or devilish, lay heavy burdens 
upon the people and drive them to their death at pleasure. 
What matters it to the master, a few more millions slain, 
a few more millions starved, the wrecking of a few more 
cities, the laying waste of a few more provinces, prosperous 
towns reduced to a memory; it's all in the day's work, and 
necessary. 

Every male infant born of a German mother, to become 
a German subject, enters the world a bondsman, as part 
of a mechanism whose purpose and practice is the killing 
of human beings. Prom this thraldom there is no escape 
save through the gates of death. At the proper age and 
time, boy or man, the victim is placed before others like 
himself, and all driven on to slaughter. It is a slavery of 
the soul. Doomed to the shambles from childhood by a 
rulership purporting to be of divine origin and agency, and 



MODERN FALLACIES 

sustained by learned professors trained in the same school 
and bound to promulgate the same doctrine, there is no 
crime the ruler may choose to impose that the subject can 
refuse to commit. Obviously the nation or nations that 
follow this system and handle such machinery can dominate 
those that do not; in a word can rule the world as it now 
stands. This compels others, Americans as well as Euro- 
peans, to adopt the same method or go out of business, 
which means a return to feudalism. It is therefore life or 
death, the total eradication of German militarism from the 
face of the earth. 

A century ago the French emperor made himself auto- 
crat of Europe; his methods were bad enough, but not so 
infamous as are those of the German emperor today, yet 
England and Germany rose and drove Napoleon out. 
Better America should join the allies than that the world 
should continue as shambles with the science and art of 
killing men as the chief industry. As scourge of the world 
the German William is worse than was ever any French 
Napoleon or Spanish Philip. With this sort of absolutism 
in vogue in Europe, a peace-at-any-price people in any part 
of the world would be among the first to suffer. A good 
supply of battleships, submarines, and air ships are the best 
argument in diplomatic circles. 

The claim of a divine right of one man to rule over 
others, it is needless here to say, is an insult to human 
intelligence. The forcing of men to fight like wild beasts 
or gladiators in the arena is a form of fiendishness worthy 
of a Roman Nero or a Russian Peter; the maintenance of 
men and machinery for inroads upon neighboring nations 
and the butchery of the innocent inhabitants is a crime 
worthy of a German William, and exceeding all other 
crimes. Few realized until they saw its horrible devourings 
what a monster high civilization was harboring. The only 

9 



RETROSPECTION 

hope for the extinction of militarism and a long period of 
peace is in the final triumph of the triple entente. 

The cause of the war and by whom originated were 
topics of controversy at first, each laying the blame upon 
the other; but the matter was soon dropped as of small 
moment beside the awful realities that followed. The 
causes in due time appeared, and so plainly marked that 
few found difficulty in reaching proper conclusions despite 
the false reasoning and absurd deductions made by profes- 
sors and rulers. Preparedness, with kultur and divine 
kingship as a basic element; add commercial jealousy and 
elemental hate and we have not long to await spontaneous 
combustion. 

Germany, militarized by forty years of study, invention, 
and drill, with the largest army and the most perfect mili- 
tary machinery which had yet been seen, took the field 
under the banner of reinforced barbarism, hastening the 
attack before the other belligerents were fairly awake to 
the situation in the expectation of the immediate capture 
of Paris, which would have been accomplished but for the 
intervention of brave little Belgium. 

Von Bernhardi outlined in his book three years before 
the war, as is well known, the course which afterward was 
followed, openly discussing the policy of a world empire. 
With refreshing candor the kaiser claims that as vicegerent 
of the Almighty and divinely appointed dominator of the 
world, with a kultur which to have means deep conscience 
and high morale, he is not bound by ordinary laws or per- 
sonal pledges, for he alone can truly translate humanism. 
It is idle for professors to pretend that the kaiser and his 
cohorts did not want the war. 

Because Germany, insincere and treacherous, prepared 
for it long and strenuously, applying all the genius of art 
and industry to the construction of death-dealing imple- 
ments; because she plainly declared her purpose before- 

in 



MODERN FALLACIES 

hand first to dominate Europe, then Asia and America ; 
because from the beginning she everywhere assumed the 
offensive, springing the conflict suddenly upon the unpre- 
pared, breaking treaties, forfeiting honor, treating with 
barbarous cruelty and injustice unoffending peoples; and 
because of her ability at any time to have prevented or 
terminated hostilities, we may be sure that the odium of the 
bloodiest and most senseless of wars that ever disgraced 
the name of man will rest with the present rulers of Ger- 
many to the end of time. The crime of Belgium, alone an 
endless shame ; a peaceful, happy land, villainously entered 
and wantonly destroyed, then after seizing for them- 
selves the food supply, and imposing exorbitant ransom 
upon the despoiled cities, the conquerors turn their back 
upon the inhabitants shivering under the debris of their 
so lately happy homes, and seven millions survivors, old 
men, women, and children are left in their misery with 
the oncoming winter to freeze, and starve, and die. 

We have been taught to regard Germany as the pro- 
tector of culture, the guardian of the highest civilization 
and of the purest religion, a barrier to the inroads of the 
barbaric Muscovite; but when we see the rulers of Ger- 
many trampeling under foot the teachings of Christ, 
assuming God's place and prerogative on this earth, and 
the professors of the universities defending wath illogical 
verbiage diabolical cruelty and injustice, we say open the 
gates and let the Russians in. 

The day will come perhaps when the German emperor 
will be pleased to talk peace and peace conditions. Who 
then will listen? Of what worth the word of one dis- 
honored, forsworn? Of what value the promise of one 
who openly declares himself void of truthfulness, void of 
integrity, his treaty worthless, his bond waste paper? A 
nation outlawed, perjured, why waste time concocting 
terms with such an one? Necessity knows no law, the 

11 



RETROSPECTION 

kaiser alone being judge of what is necessary. "War is a 
necessity whenever the kaiser chooses so to declare it.- 
War knows no law; the kaiser knows no law; yet while 
breaking laws and treaties ad libitum Germany protests 
loudly against the breaking of international laws by others. 

When a country outlaws itself under the plea of neces- 
sity, concrete acts of infamy upheld by the German chan- 
cellor and sustained by the German war book — how make 
honorable compacts with a state outlawed? 

And what would be the effect on the world were the 
kaiser's high code of ethics allowed a free course? Already 
foxy Japan talks of not only repudiating her promises of 
restoration to China of the late conquests on her border 
from the Germans, but is making further extortionate de- 
mands hitherto little thought of. For is not the Mikado 
likewise divine, Buddha incarnate, and can he not interpret 
the word necessity as well as any German potentate when- 
ever he wishes further lootings in China? And that is all 
the time; indeed, Japan would not object to taking over 
all of China, and may find it one day "necessary" to do so 
unless Germany gets in before her. It is a dangerous pre- 
cedent, and a fine example for pagandom, this mixture of 
lawless ambition with fanaticism and the divinity craze, the 
Teutonic blood-lust and kultur-lust with inherited rulership 
back of it all. 

And let America have a care of being caught napping. 
The Asiatic Frenchmen are a polite people, but when 
Nippon protests too much then beware of Nippon. Should 
the United States become seriously involved in war inade- 
quately armed, Japan will doubtless find it necessary to take 
over the Philippines, and complete her occupation of the 
Hawaiian islands, already well begun. And alas and alack 
for the little Nipponese when the fierce Teutons reach the 
day of reckoning ! For it will then be found necessary 

12 



MODERN FALLACIES 

to break any terms of peace which meantime may have been 
made, while due chastisement is inflicted. 

The kaiser and his sycophants are so obsessed by a 
sense of their superiority, claiming for their august chief 
special privileges from heaven by which Germany is fated 
to universal sovereignty, that their mental vision becomes 
obscured, preventing them from seeing far beyond the 
limits of their horizon. With superb egotism, and a fanat- 
icism bordering on insanity, they openly declare their mis- 
sion of world dominance, of which these present wars are 
the initiative. 

And the kaiser, though suffering from his superlative 
excellence and high destiny still asserts that he does not 
want to be king of the world, but kultur and the divinity 
that doth hedge him about constraineth him. 

With brute force, and brutishness, enough and to 
spare, the Germans have accomplished wonders, but the 
time has passed when brute force can hold universal sov- 
, ereignty, and Germany lacks moral force, lacks even a 
moral sense, notwithstanding the kaiser's asseverations, 
while denying any purpose of founding a world empire, 
that in the kultur, "the deep conscience, industry, and 
high morale of the German people, is to be found a con- 
quering power that will open the world for them". 

Germany assumes omnipotence, but despotism is no 
proof of oinnipotence. Germany would rule the world 
while practising violence, but the time is past when the 
world can be governed by violence. More moral force 
with less physical force would serve the purpose better. 

Yon Bernhardi and the emperor of course deny any 
intention of world empire, but who would trust them? 
Who could tell what necessities might arise, what militar- 
ism might demand, or to what measures preparedness and 
power might tempt them? Of what worth is the pledged 
word or the written obligation of men whose boast is that 

13 



BETKOSPECTION 

their will is superior to law, that any treaty they may 
choose to break is waste paper? 

The deep conscience and high morale of the German 
people were manifest in their public rejoicing over the 
achievements of the German admiral who sailed along the 
English coast firing on defenceless women and children; 
and after devastating Belgium how fine the chivalry dis- 
played by the indifference of the raiders to the misery they 
had caused, not to mention the order forbidding the rescue 
of drowning seamen blown to destruction by their sub- 
marines ! 

The limit of sanity, however, is reached when Professor 
Eucken presents the ideal of the fatherland as a spiritual 
entity, wherein he discerns loftier manifestations since the 
war began, notably in the manly methods of ditch-work 
warfare, so superior to that of the cowardly forest savages 
shooting from behind trees, and in the admirable behavior 
of the new machinery employed in devastating Belgium 
by the kaiser, whose ideals of Teutonic kultur and the 
destiny of his people soar yet higher as he battles for the 
deliverance of the world. 

In this new idealism there is no selfishness, no lust for 
loot or land, no thirst for power or revenge; all men of 
all nations, friends and foes alike shall share it, — all that 
is left of them after this carnival of slaughter is over. As 
an excuse for this war Professor Eucken, like the others, 
pleads necessity, a joyous necessity as he declares, resulting 
in a transformation of soul. Vaterland spiritualized by 
the new kultur, a cognate people from inner coherence 
made fit for the new earth and the new heaven prepared 
for them. 

Even though to ears attuned this does not sound like 
Teutonic rot, yet it were quite as well never to put it into 
English. We have only to turn to Belgium for a specimen 
of kaiser love and kultur discipline which we can easily 

14 



MODERN FALLACIES 

Understand; or if we prefer peace at any price we have 
only, like Luxembourg, humbly to submit and our lives 
may be spared and our cities escape destruction. 

As the world's war lord, with the world before him 
and the Prussia that Bismarck and von Moltke had made 
for him at his back, his people meanwhile confident in his 
infallibility, there is little wonder that the emperor William, 
still human though not knowing it, might sometimes over- 
reach himself, as when he reckoned too confidently and 
risked too much on Italy to complete his triple alliance, 
and on a subservient Belgium and an inactive England, 
later to find himself unable to move backward or forward, 
but only to stand and see his brilliant anticipations fall in 
ruins about him. 

An age of gold succeeding an age of iron, then back to 
brute force again until the universe grows hazy, and the 
source of power, — does it come from the skies or is it 
found in the fruitful fields of pacific peoples? 

Rising unrefreshed and unenlightened from the un- 
fathomable depths of Kantian philosophy to the more open 
plain of Neitzsche, on which the present war propaganda 
was planted by Treitschke and Bernhardi, placing power 
before humanity and courage before charity, and over- 
whelmed by superfluous strength and mental faculties ab- 
normally active in making men and machinery for death- 
dealing purposes, perhaps the most charitable construction 
we can place on the course of the Germans, their ethics 
and their abnormities, in the prosecution of this war would 
be to credit the rulers and professors with some slight 
mental aberration. At all events the Teutonic quality of 
mind and morals, of evolution and progress, expressed in 
the word kultur, however regarded in Germany, would 
among the thoughtful people of America be called if not 
vicious at least delirious. We could not imagine, for ex- 
ample, a man in his right mind, as is told of the emperor, 

15 



RETROSPECTION 

wondering why the United States does not capture Canada, 
now that the opportunity offers! "World power or noth- 
ing!" is the pretentious cry of German arrogance. Then 
let it be nothing. 

That Germany will ever realize her dreams of universal 
empire is unthinkable. Then, if that is so, it is equally 
impossible for her to come victorious out of this war, for 
the one implies the other. It requires no prophet to see 
that this Prussian craze has got to be crushed, and will be 
though it should take ten or twenty years for its accomplish- 
ment. Not that the destruction or dismemberment of 
Germany, a fate such as she would inflict upon others, 
must follow, but that Prussian militarism must be utterly 
uprooted as a social and political cancer. 

Of the divine mission, the right of inherited rulership, 
the alleged vicegerency of Almighty God, and the boasted 
kultur, deep conscience, and high morale of William, em- 
peror of Germany, the story of this war will ever stand as 
a bright example. And for his epitaph let it be written. 
He murdered some millions of men and women and chil- 
dren ; he also murdered national honor, civil rights and 
humaneness. 

Thus far America has profited but little from the world 's 
wars, but has suffered loss and disturbance. The tide will 
turn, however, in time, for the country at large perhaps 
in one or two years; for California it may be in five or 
fifty years. For we may be sure that the great ocean was 
made for some important purpose, and the planting of its 
shores with inexhaustible wealth was for the furtherance 
of that purpose. It is equally certain that around the 
waters of San Francisco bay will one day appear a World 
Centre of Industry, its advent soon it is possible, but more 
likely not until the present generation has passed away 
and another quality of manhood appears. For we know 

16 



MODEKN FALLACIES 

that ever the star of empire has been westward, and that 
the ultimate west having been attained, here the star rests; 
but still it shines, for here is to be wrought out man's full 
and final destiny. 

Already the world's financial centre has moved from 
London to New York. Already a midcontinent world 
centre of industry is seen at and around Chicago, whose 
boast is the largest output of each of half a thousand useful 
things, and whence it is but a single leap to San Francisco 
bay and the broadest and most opulent of oceans. Neither 
the climate nor the economic advantages of this favored 
spot have thus far been fully appreciated ; let us hope that 
the many thousands who come hither from every quarter 
to view the Panama canal and our great industrial exposi- 
tions during this memorable year of 1915 may see things 
as they are and carry away true and proper impressions 
thereof. 

While the Panama canal was in course of construction 
there was scarcely a sea or a river port that did not expect 
great and immediate benefits therefrom. Some were dis- 
appointed. We should know by now that few are enriched 
without effort by any war, exposition, or canal. Many places 
can offer some special advantage for commerce and manu- 
factures, but there is no place that offers all the advantages 
for a World Centre of Industry equal to San Francicso bay. 

Centrally situated on the border of the great ocean, 
held to this day for the more intelligent exploitation by 
civilized man, and aggregating with its prolific shores and 
enchanting isles a coast line of more than 35,000 miles in 
extent, this port has immediately tributary half the world, 
the other half being easily reached through the Panama 
canal. Around the vast amphitheatre of the Pacific, and 
extending inland hundreds or thousands of miles are metal- 
veined mountains and alluvial plains which have as yet been 
scarcely disturbed by the hand of civilized man. 

17 



RETROSPECTION 

It is safe to say that under the snows of Alaska, in the 
great mountain ranges that stretch thence southward to 
and far beyond the tropics, and in the fertile soils of the 
more habitable parts, whose opulent cities bear testimony 
to their natural resources, there lies more uncovered wealth 
than has yet been brought to light by all the nations of 
all time. 

And the availability of it all at our industrial centre, 
and our advantages in handling it! Cheap electric power 
from the Sierra, oil piped from the wells to our favored 
port, cotton from the Imperial valley and all the way to 
Texas, wool from the north, wood and coal from the coast 
beyond, while from every part of the broad Pacific at 
moderate cost, say from three to five dollars a ton, raw 
material of every sort, all animal and plant products, all 
minerals and metals wrought out in the laboratories of 
nature during the countless ages of the earth's existence, 
may be brought to San Francisco bay, there to be recreated 
by arts and industries, and thence distributed throughout 
the world in forms best befitting the use of man. 

Then the food conditions and cost of living; plenty to 
eat at moderate expense ; house rents reasonable ; healthful 
airs filtering through the snowy mountains and swept in 
from the sea; no malaria, no indigenous diseases, no freez- 
ing cold in winter nor uncomfortable heat in summer. In- 
deed, the climate of San Francisco, perfect in its way, 
whether as an industrial asset or a resort for health and 
pleasure is just beginning to receive proper recognition. 
To delightful surroundings are given many benefits, — cool 
bracing air, average temperature varying between 55° and 
70° ; fewer casualties than may be found on any other spot 
of earth; no slaying by sunstrokes or lightning; no floods, 
cyclones, or blizzards; and as for the earthquake bugaboo, 
it is an historical fact that more lives have been lost from 
heat in one day on the eastern coast, or from midcontinent 

18 



MODERN FALLACIES 

river overflows, than from all the earthquakes that ever 
happened in California of which there is any record or 
tradition, be it for a thousand years back. 

The bay itself is a matchless body of water, sixty miles 
long and from four to six miles wide, and beautiful beyond 
description, whether in the purple haze of early morning 
or glowing under a noonday sun. The several large islands, 
with the Presidio reservation, are held by the government 
for soldier's quarters and purposes of defense. The borders 
of bay and islands, with indentations and tributary straits 
and rivers, give 300 linear miles or more all ready for fac- 
tories and warehouses with ocean vessels on one side and 
railway trains on the other. All the leading countries of 
the world have, or will have, their own lines of steamships 
running direct to San Francisco, lines from China, Japan, 
Australia, South America, and from Europe through the 
Panama canal, while daily scores of railway trains depart 
for every near and distant point. 

Few will deny that manufactures are essential to the 
prosperity of a nation, that never was a country perma- 
nently rich without manufactures and never was a country 
permanently poor with manufactures. A land poor from 
lack of natural products may become rich by utilizing the 
products of other lands and adding to their value by in- 
telligent labor and distribution to parts where most needed. 

Exports and imports are quoted as indicative of national 
prosperity. Perhaps less of each would be better if home 
industry were stimulated thereby. It is the export of manu- 
factured goods that indicates permanent prosperity, not 
the export of raw material. Therefore the first advantage 
to be derived by the United States from the war in Europe 
is in checking* the exportation of raw material, thus com- 
pelling industrial development at home. It is only of 
secondary importance that the markets of the world are 

19 



EETROSPECTION 

left open to us while the Europeans are busily employed in 
the most destructive of games. 

Spain by internal development became the greatest of 
nations; but when gold began to flow in freely from the 
New "World she found it easier to buy than to make; now 
look at her ! Therefore, we may safely say that those who 
will profit most by the European war are not the growers 
of cotton nor even of food products, but those who make 
needful articles and send forth competent agents to open 
channels of permanent trade. 

This is our opportunity, there is nothing that can be 
made elsewhere in the world that cannot be made at San 
Francisco. The moment the European war is over there 
will be a rush to set their mills in motion again, when 
American gains will receive a check. Manufactures at 
the present time in Europe are nearly destroyed. Raw 
materials at present is not wanted there so much as manu- 
factured goods, and manufactured goods we cannot get 
from there if we would ; so that the double benefit is thrust 
upon us, that while building upon our own resources to 
the utmost advantage the opportunity is afforded us of 
establishing permanent trade with all the world. And 
unless America adopts some more effective and aggressive 
industrial policy than has yet appeared Germany, when 
once the war is over, will soon regain her lost advantages 
and drive competitors from the field, because young Ger- 
mans are willing to learn more and work harder than 
others, depending for success more on their own strength 
and ability than on the weakness of competitors, while 
refusing labor limitations or any interference in their 
affairs by the pirates of industry. 

Thus endowed by nature and opportunity to assume 
and maintain the industrial supremacy of the world the 
discerning mind cannot but perceive that there is some- 
thing wrong somewhere, that Sah Francisco has thus far 

20 



MODERN FALLACIES 

failed to see or make avail of her high privileges, and that 
with all her natural advantages California is not in the 
way of profiting as largely as she might from the Panama 
canal and the war in Europe. 

Instead of manufacturing for others we do not even 
manufacture to any great extent for ourselves, but draw 
largely for our requirements from the east and middle 
west. Of the many million dollars worth of orders now 
beginning to come in from Europe the Pacific coast gets 
but few, and will receive in the future less rather than 
more unless we make more of the articles we would sell. 
Apart from horticulture we cannot claim for California 
an agricultural state of the first class; our products in the 
mouths of starving millions are luxuries rather than nec- 
essities, even our dried fruit being a drug in the market 
and unremunerative to the grower, while wheat, once our 
chief product, but which now the worn-out soil refuses to 
grow extensively without better farming, soars high in all 
the marts of the world. 

Our commerce too, in the absence of staple products 
and manufactured articles to ship away must remain 
moderate. Foreign commerce is a nation's road to great- 
ness, but it is not greatness itself. Merely the handling 
and transporting of goods is work for the crossroads. The 
commerce that counts is in the sale and transportation of 
home manufactured articles, not in sending cotton abroad 
to buy back in cloth. 

There is no profit in pretense. No responsive thrill 
rises in the breast of an experienced merchant or manu- 
facturer at the cries of "Boost! Boost!" "Have a buy- 
ing day!" "Buy it now!" The shop-window petticoat 
marked $4.98 does not strike him as a dollar less than $5 
in price. Nor do the words ' ' croaker, " " knocker, " " pes- 
simist," have any terrors for him. No one knows better 
than he that factories are not operated on empty air, and 

21 



RETROSPECTION 

that meetings and organizations for the promotion of 
manufactures where no provision is made for operatives 
of a quality and at a wage which will enable our factories 
to compete with those of other nations, meetings where 
the too timid members dare not even speak the words 
''cheap labor" are misleading and futile. 

Let those who will hitch their wagon to a star; if not 
securely" fastened, and you are ynse, you will let the other 
fellow get in and ride. Boost and bright optimism are 
f)itfalls unless arising from actual conditions and sus- 
tained by good business sense. In business and boost as 
elsewhere truth is stronger than fiction. If the plain facts 
regarding the superlative advantages of San Francisco 
bay as a World Centre of Industry do not appeal to the 
hard-headed man of affairs it is useless resorting to clap- 
trap. 

We should have on this coast 100 woolen mills, 1000 
cotton mills, and 5000 other factories, and will have some 
day, these or their equivalent, but only when conditions 
appeal to capital, and mill-owners are free to manage 
their business their own way, yet always within the bounds 
of humanity and healthful progress, but without inter- 
ference from interlopers of whatsoever kind or quality. 

In a loose- jointed republican government extremes 
often meet. As between the dregs of low society and the 
chaff of high society there is little to choose. The inter- 
mediate class is the commonwealth, those who work, 
either with hands or head; those who do things, either 
with money or brain. Work is the greatest thing in the 
world; God's curse, man's redemption; the Creator's 
primal punishment, man's greatest blessing. Work is 
civilization, and civilization is humanity reinforced. The 
Panama canal and the California expositions are the 
apotheosis of labor, not the apotheosis of the manipulators 

22 



:mqdern fallacies 

of labor. A workless world is savagery, and the workless 
part of society is the worst part. Wherefore as God's 
best gift, though given us in anger, we hail it as divine, 
and place it high above principalities and powers. 

The worldngman of to-day is the concrete expression of 
that form of labor which bore the primal curse for some 
several thousand years, whether as the slave of brute 
force or as the creature of capital, but which now in the 
more advanced countries has fairly well emancipated 
itself. Then gradually arose apostles of chicane and 
greed, who gained ascendency over the workingman to 
exploit him. Thus was invented and applied coersive 
measures, nominally for the benefit of the laborer, but 
really to strengthen the position of the walking delegate, 
as strikes and incendiarism, the boycott blackmail and 
unionism; later came dynamite as the ultimate appeal. 

While the walking delegate himself did no work, he 
fared sumptuously every day upon the work of others. 
Contributions and crimes were imposed. Dues were levied 
and arbitrary rules established; no American boy might 
learn a trade even of his own father without obtaining 
permission and paying for it ; any respectable citizen in 
the legitimate pursuit of his calling might for purposes 
of coercion or revenge be brought to annoyance or ruin 
by means of the infamous boycott. 

There is in nearly every large city a coterie of nonde- 
scripts M^ho do not work but who live from the work of 
others; who exploit the M^orkingman ostensibly for his 
good but in reality for their own selfish purposes; who 
fill the minds of their proteges with false notions, insur- 
rectionary and un-American, — that they have rights which 
others do not possess, that they have claims on their fellow 
men which are not reciprocal, and of which their neigh- 
bors are endeavoring to deprive them. To maintain these 
alleged rights they are justified in resorting to any means, 

23 



RETROSPECTION 

legal or otherwise, even to coercion and crime; in defense 
of which incendiary claims before the facile courts they 
employ lawyers, paid large fees from the pockets of the 
workingmen, and who hesitate not at subornation and 
perjury. 

Called by various names, as walking delegate, boss, 
sponge, demagogue, labor leader, exploiter of the work- 
ingman, the toilers, as the press-panderers sanctimoniously 
call them, are coddled until, deprived of their natural 
manliness they become as children in the hands of de- 
signing men. Unions are formed and the rights of others 
invaded. Business men and a pliant newspaper press 
submit to impudent and unjust demands in the manage- 
ment of their affairs, fearing loss of patronage ; judges, 
office-holders, all who live by the ballot acquiescing, for 
labor has votes to dispose of. In this way labor becomes 
a trust, a monopoly, all the work is given at a high wage 
to half of the workingmen, the other half being left labor- 
less to starve. Contract work, in defiance of law and 
justice, is given not to the lowest bidder, but to unionism. 

As often as otherwise, in the arrogance of ignorance, 
the labor leaders resort to measures unfavorable to labor, 
as defeating any measure for the public benefit if thereby 
they can pos3 as champions of labor ; making the wage of 
class work equal, regardless of the worth or efficiency of 
individual workers; advancing the labor wage until it be- 
comes prohibitory to industry, resulting in non-employ- 
ment and high cost of living. Thinking to gain votes 
thereby they refused to grant music lovers the privilege 
of erecting a million dollar opera-house, not at public ex- 
pense but at their own cost, thus withholding from the 
pockets of their proteges their part of the expenditure, 
and leaving in the civic centre the unsightly scar of a 
vacant lot where might now stand a beautiful edifice. 
They promulgate the false doctrine not of their right to 

24 



MODERN FALLACIES 

work, which no one denies them, but their right to demand 
that the government, that is to say their fellow-citizens 
shall provide them with work, whether necessary or profit- 
able or not, which is but another form of blackmail lead- 
ing to pauperism. As well might trade demand of labor 
profitable custom, or capital a good investment. 

In legislation every measure affecting patronage is 
stoutly opposed that does not give labor some unfair ad- 
vantage, some special and unjust privilege. Every advan- 
tage over his neighbor is his right, free schools, free 
hospitals, courts, and penitentiaries, while paying nothing 
for the support of the government that protects him in 
his infamies. 

The aims and actions of the labor leaders strike at 
the very heart of American liberty, giving to one class the 
power of coercion while depriving their victims of any 
means of defense. Thus laziness and inefficiency are 
exalted as meritorious; to do the least possible work for 
the highest pay serves right his natural enemy the em- 
ployer, the capitalist, or the government. The further 
fallacy is instilled that restriction by law to a short day's 
work is a gain forced from the employer, when in truth 
it is a direct loss to the workingman, to his worth to 
himself and others, which in the end rules all. 

The right to work; labor demands it and the law con- 
cedes it. The right to work; unionism demands it for 
itself, but denies the right to others, the law winking 
acquiescence. But this is not to the point. Labor leaders 
demand for their proteges, as before stated, their right to 
demand that their neighbor, that is to say the man with 
money or the government, shall furnish him with work. 
Reverse the proposition, say that the workingman shall 
supply the tradesman with customers, the lawyer with 
clients, and the banker with depositors and the absurdity 
appears. Unionism demands for itself the special privi- 

25 



EETROSPBCTION 

leges it denies to others. It demands that all the work 
shall be given to half the laborers, while the other half 
is left to starve. It demands that this coterie shall have 
short hours and high pay, and enforces its demands upon 
the disobedient by means of blackmail and the boycott, 
judges who are elected by votes sustaining the injustice. 
A singular state of things, one-half of the workingmen 
unemployed, while all the work is given to the other half at 
an exorbitant wage, a wage fatal to manufactures and 
prohibitory to general prosperity and progress. Likewise 
the non-reversible absurdity that it is an obligation on the 
part of one class of citizens to furnish another* class with 
work, that is to say with support, since work is their 
support. I am not speaking of economic policy or ethical 
obligations but only of the lawless arrogance assumed by 
unionism. 

Wealth is won by work, by work and economy. The 
same field is open to the laborer of to-day, the same oppor- 
tunity to utilize the natural and economic resources of 
the country that his predecessors had. 

Instead of making avail of it the exploiters of labor 
prowl around to secure all they can from government, that 
is to say the people through their representatives in office 
who live on votes, and from capital, that is to say from 
those who have done their work and saved up the pro- 
ceeds. Another fallacy, — to give the laborer more time, 
not for the beer-shops but for home enjoyment and mental 
culture. 

The intellectual life is open to him who wants it, 
whether his wage is three or six dollars a day. Intellec- 
tual loafing is not intellectual living, the former being the 
special province of college graduates and scions of wealth. 
Intellectual boozing is another sort of culture, practised 
alike by club-men and hod-carriers. Let us beware of an 

26 



MODERN FALLACIES 

excess of kultur and conscience, lest we fall into the errors 
of the kaiser. 

There are classes of workers and there are grades of 
work. There is high grade work that does and should 
command a high wage, and there is low grade work that 
skilled labor will not touch, and which can be done only 
at low wage. It degrades no one, — you cannot degrade 
labor, — it injures no one, to give such work to the Asiatic, 
who is glad to get it, the lowest wage in America being 
more than the highest wage in Asia. We can never have 
our World Centre of Industry without employing some 
cheap labor, and it is an insane policy on the part of our 
government in excluding it. 

No one objects to labor unions, but only their abuse 
by the exploiters of the workingman. No one objects to 
unionism, but only to the abuse of it. If unionism cannot 
win its way fairly and honestly it would be better abol- 
ished; it will never be able to sustain itself by violence. 
No one objects that labor should unionize, but only that it 
should not tyrannize. Why should we tamely submit to 
the imposition of labor any more than to the imposition 
of capital? Labor unions for the pleasure and lawful 
benefit of the members is one thing, and to this no one 
can object; unionism as manipulated by professional over- 
seers for the exploitation of the workingman is quite 
another thing, and smacks too strongly of Prussian mili- 
tarism long to be endured in America. 

The government is quite ready to restrict capitalism 
but balks before laborism. Governmental superintendence 
of labor is as necessary as governmental superintendence 
of capital, — and more, as labor has more votes than 
capital, and an excess of votes is a fault of our republican 
government. 

Labor in all its many interests and activities, as 
unions, wages, hours, and strikes should be under the 

27 



RETROSPECTION 

immediate control of the government and managed by 
honest and disinterested officials having equally at heart 
the welfare of the workingman and the interest of the 
employer, — should be regulated by law as capital is reg- 
ulated, and not left to the exploiter of the workingman to 
act as he pleases in defiance of law and from purely 
selfish motives. Little by little they are undermining the 
government, inserting their insidious policy in the laws of 
the state and nation, only like the railroad incubus, let us 
hope, to meet with like defeat in the end, when the people 
return to reason and to right. 

In no department of economics or industry, of polities 
or society is such criminal license allowed, such defiance of 
law, equity, and decency permitted to go unpunished, 
unreproved, as that practised by the exploiters of the 
workingman. That they should be permitted by the boy- 
cott to ruin an honest tradesman, in the legitimate pursuit 
of his calling, for simply maintaining his right as an 
American freeman to manage his business himself instead 
of allowing others to do it for him, the interloper in the 
meantime being protected by the police and sustained by 
the courts in this system of coercion and blackmail is 
infamous. 

Thus it is easily seen why San Francisco is not more 
of a manufacturing city. Labor is as essential to manu- 
factures as is raw material. If labor and material cannot 
be had at a fair and reasonable price home industry is 
doomed. Again be it said, the first consideration for this 
country is manufactures, the first consideration for manu- 
factures is labor at a fair price, the first consideration for 
labor is absolute freedom, emancipation from any sort of 
tyranny. This is the broad road to permanent prosperity 
and there is none other. 

And from the government, to which all good citizens 

28 



MODERN FALLACIES 

look for redress, we get no help, for judges and rulers, all 
who live by the ballot-box, legislative and executive dig- 
nitaries as well as the vicious grafter of the municipality, 
are infected by the same hunger for office, and by the 
itching palm that actuates and makes fat the exploiters 
of the workingman and fills the coffers of the highly 
honorable and respected man of affairs. 

It is all very well, however, to rail at the government; 
the fault is our own; it lies with those who prefer money 
to morality, who prefer personal profit to the purity of 
the commonwealth, who prefer ill-gotten gain to honesty 
and decency, who prefer in courts judges who wink at 
wealth never forgetting whence are to come the votes to 
secure their reelection, — who will submit to insult and 
interference rather than forego profit, in a word the fault 
lies with the influential members of the community who 
are too indifferent or too timid to arise and purge their 
city of its defilement. 

The trouble is that too many of us prefer bad govern- 
ment to good, prefer pliant tools in office to men we 
cannot buy, prefer slavish labor whose votes we can 
control to manly citizenship in our workingmen, prefer a 
small iniquitous personal gain to the honor and interests 
of a great commonwealth. And withal over this small 
personal gain which we so jealously guard we are great 
cowards, the best of us even not daring to speak from our 
hearts, as was shown at an election the other day when 
over a score of evil measures put forth by the exploiters 
of the workingman, not a word was spoken against them 
while under discussion before election, but at the polls 
they were defeated by a majority of three or five to one. 

To all this, however, there is a brighter side. These 
evils will pass as all evil passes. Nowhere are found finer 
specimens of liberal and chivalrous manhood than here. 
Ever since gold-digging days California has been proud 

29 



RETROSPECTION 

of her people, and her people have been proud of Cali- 
fornia. 

Though with some money is preferred before morality, 
and bribable office-holders to honest men, these are not 
San Francisco; her citizens are much better than the 
average, more honest, more courteous, more progressive. 
It is a city full of joy and pleasure, wealthy and laud- 
ably ambitious, and prosperous to a certain extent in 
spite of drawbacks which let us hope are only temporary. 
And yet more. There will come a time when this 
American soil will grow men free from that inordinate 
craving for office, that love of power and political plunder 
which is the curse of this republican government, tend- 
ing as it does to degrade mind and morals and to sacrifice 
the highest intellectual gifts upon the altar of expedi- 
ency. There will come a time when on these shores of 
the Pacific there will be grown a race of men with loftier 
ideals concerning man and his destiny than any which 
have yet appeared, men who will value the honor and 
dignity of their country above any personal advantage, 
and will have too high a regard for labor to permit the 
true interest of the various classes of workingmen to be 
wrecked by suicidal policies. 

Then, too, will have passed Prussian militarism, the 
underlying principle of kaiser kultur, the dementia of 
Treitschke and Neitzsche and Eucken, the deification of 
force, of brute force and brutishness, the deification of 
dishonor, of treachery, of robbery and murder, the basis of 
Teutonic conscience and morale, an Acheron stream bear- 
ing upon its surface pretended purity and progress to the 
ennobling and redemption of the nations, — militarism, a 
memory to be recalled with horror. 



3.8 



30 



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